How to Find the Best School for Architecture

How to Find the Best School for Architecture Hundreds of colleges and universities offer classes in architecture and related fields. How do you choose the best architecture school? What is the best training for you to become an architect? Here are some resources and advice from the experts. Types of Architecture Degrees Many different paths can take you toward an Architecture degree. One route is to enroll in a 5-year Bachelor or Master of Architecture program. Or, you can earn a bachelors degree in another field such as mathematics, engineering, or even art. Then go on to graduate school for a 2- or 3-year Masters degree in Architecture. These different paths each have advantages and disadvantages. Consult with your academic advisers and teachers. Architecture School Ranks With so many schools to choose from, where do you begin? Well, you can look at manuals such as Americas Best Architecture Design Schools, which evaluate schools according to a variety of criteria. Or, you can check general rankings of college and university programs. But beware of these reports! You may have interests that arent reflected in school ranks and statistics. Before you choose an architecture school, think closely about your personal needs. Where do you want to practice? How important is a diverse, international student population? Compare world rankings with country rankings, analyze the design and technology of school websites, study curricula, visit a few prospective schools, attend free and open lectures, and talk to people who have attended there. Americas Best Architecture Design SchoolsAcademic Ranking of World UniversitiesThe Times Higher Education World University RankingsQuacquarelli Symonds (QS) World University Rankings Accredited Architecture Programs To become a licensed architect, youll need to meet the educational requirements established in your state or country. In the USA and Canada, requirements can be met by completing an architecture program that has been approved by the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB) or the Canadian Architectural Certification Board (CACB). Remember that architecture programs are accredited for professional licensing, and schools and universities are accredited as educational institutions. Accreditation such as WASC may be an important accreditation for a school, but it does not meet the educational requirements for an architecture program or professional licensing. Before you enroll in an architecture course, always make sure that it meets the criteria established by the country where you plan to live and work. Find Accredited Architecture ProgramsAssociation of Collegiate Schools of Architecture Architecture Training Programs Many fascinating careers related to architecture do not require a degree from an accredited architecture program. Perhaps you would like to work in drafting, digital design, or home design. A technical school or an art school may be the ideal place to pursue your education. Online search engines can help you locate both accredited and non-accredited architecture programs anywhere in the world. Schools for Art and DraftingFind Architecture ClassesArchitecture-Related Careers Architecture Internships Regardless of the school you select, eventually youll need to obtain an internship and receive specialized training outside the classroom. In the USA and many other parts of the world, an internship lasts about 3-5 years. During that time, you will earn a small salary and be supervised by licensed registered pros. At the completion of your internship period, youll need to take and pass a registration exam (the ARE in the USA). Passing this exam is your final step toward obtaining a license to practice architecture. Architecture is historically and traditionally learned by apprenticeships- working with other people is important in learning the trade and vital in being professionally successful. A young Frank Lloyd Wright started out working with Louis Sullivan; both Moshe Safdie and Renzo Piano apprenticed with Louis Kahn. Often an internship or apprenticeship is chosen specifically to learn more about a specialty. Intern Development Program (IDP)About Student Internships Study Architecture on the Web Online courses can be a useful introduction to architectural studies. By taking interactive architecture classes on the Web, you can learn basic principles and possibly even earn credits toward a degree in architecture. Experienced architects may also turn to online classes to expand their knowledge. However, before you can earn a degree from an accredited architecture program, youll need to attend seminars and participate in design studios. If you cant attend classes full-time, look for universities that combine online courses with weekend seminars, summer programs, and on-the-job training. Read the blogs of architects such as Bob Borson- his Design Studio: Top 10 Things you should know helps us understand the design process in a learning environment. Online Architecture ProgramsFree Online Architecture ClassesDiscuss: Online Education for Architects Architecture Scholarships The long progress toward a degree in architecture will be expensive. If youre in school right now, ask your guidance counselor for information about student loans, grants, fellowships, work-study programs, and scholarships. Check scholarship listings published by the American Institute of Architecture Students (AIAS) and the American Institute of Architects (AIA). Most importantly, ask to meet with a financial aid adviser at your chosen college. Ask For Help Ask professional architects about the type of training they recommend and how they got their start. Read about the lives of professionals, such as French architect Odile Decq: I had this idea when I was a teenager, but I thought at the time that to be an architect, you had to be very good at sciences, and you have to be a man - that it was a very male dominated field. I thought about art decoratif [decorative arts], but to do that I had to go to Paris, and my parents didnt want me to go to the city because I was a young girl and could get lost. So they asked me to go to the main capital in Bretagne where I am from, which is near Rennes, and studied art history for one year. There, I started to discover through meeting students in the school of architecture that I could have done my studies in architecture realizing its not obligatory to be good at math or science, and that it was not only for men but women too. So I passed the exam to enter the school, I applied for the school and succeeded. So, I started like that.- Odile Decq Interview, January 22, 2011, designboom, July 5, 2011 [accessed July 14, 2013] Searching for the right school can be both exciting and terrifying. Take time to dream, but also consider practical considerations such as location, finances, and the general atmosphere of the school. As you narrow down your choices, feel free to post questions in our discussion forum. Perhaps someone who has recently graduated can offer a few tips. Good luck! Discuss: Becoming an Architect Later in LifeDiscuss: Which University Should I Apply To? Flexible Programs and Distance Learning There are many ways to become an architect. Although you probably wont be able to earn a degree entirely through online coursework, some colleges do offer flexible programs. Look for accredited architecture programs that offer some online coursework, weekend seminars, summer programs, and credit for on-the-job training. Discuss: Becoming an Architect Later in Life Special Needs Beware of rankings. You may have interests that arent reflected in statistical reports. Before you choose an architecture school, think closely about your personal needs. Send away for catalogs, visit a few prospective schools, and talk to people who have attended there. Questions to Ask Schools of Architecture

Agrarian discontent dbq

Between 1880-1900, farmers believed that the railroad companies were swindling away their profits and that the government favored big business. The farmers had every reason to feel some sort of discontent because of their predicament as well as the fact that the government saw a need for reform which created the notion that problems existed. Farmers were correct in arguing that the United States’ money supply was not what it should be; over 30 years the population nearly double while the money circulation rose by only 60 %( Doc C). Railroads had a monopoly on shipping which raised costs and affected profit, the value of crops deflated, and big business was a strong opponent to the much needed Free Silver Movement that farmers were relying on. The first major topic regarding farmers discontent with their economic situation involves the shipping monopolies controlled by the railroad companies. The cost of transportation was spiraling out of control, there was never any certainty when it came to exactly what it would cost for a farmer to ship his crop. Profit became a scarcity with the cost of shipping amounting to much more than the worth of the crop (Doc H). The ridiculous demands of railroad companies can also be compared to the crop deflation that made it that much more difficult to provide for one’s family, the companies claimed that the operating expense of the railroads demanded such intimidating shipping costs (Doc G). Farmer’s were left exasperated and often had no choice but to foreclose on their farms because no profit was to be made, this can also be seen within the fact that the United States’ money supply was not what it should have been, over 30 years the population nearly doubled while the money circulation rose by only 60 %( Doc C). â€Å"All his calculations as to a profit on his little investment he had based on freight rate of two cents a pound. Good money never made times hard (Doc B). Secondly, Farmers also struggled economically due to the value of the crop deflating and the surplus of crop that they were creating. This sudden, drastic increase of the supply without any increase of demand correlates directly with the economic downfall of the farming class (Doc E). In accordance with this, Europe had been able to compensate for their populations growth agriculturally, therefore eliminating the United States as a needed source for food and plummeting the Farmers into a deeper economic depression. This information however does not discredit the validity behind their plea. Farmers acted circumstantially and gathered more crop in order to stimulate more revenue, they did not intend for the dilution of the agrictural marketplace both here in the United States, as well as in Europe. Finally, there appeared to be a solution to the Farmers problems. The Free Silver Movement provided a way for those of a lesser income to stimulate their own revenue by converting their silver to gold. This would finally eliminate the Gold Standard and provide somewhat of an opportunity to farmers who were so desperately trying to recover from economic nothingness. It is mere pretense to attribute the hard times to the fact that all our currency is in a gold basis (Doc B) said William McKinley and with the institution of the Free Silver Movement his words would have done truth to Farmers. The supply of currency would no longer be used as a way to control those members who did not posses it (Doc A). In conclusion railroad companies, crop deflation, and big business created insurmountable barriers for farmers throughout the eighteenth century. There was little they could do to prevent the unavoidable fate; annihilation of any sort of economic success. The Farmers were no longer going to be slaves to the owners of monopolies and every effort made a difference in one way or another. (Doc D)

CASE STUDY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

CASE STUDY - Essay Example George also needs to realize that it is not his wife’s fault and it is not due to her negligence that their daughter is unable to perform the basic activities of daily life. Among the primary things that he will have to realize is that he will have to step up and help his wife and child in this time and most importantly realize that without his support and patience, his family will suffer even more. Apart from George, I would want to see his wife Teresa and if possible, their children. In the case of Teresa, it is evident that she is suffering from severe depression which might have had an onset after the delivery of her daughter J.J. It is possible that she suffered from a severe case of Post-partum depression which was never treated and worsened into the depressive state that she is currently in. George has indicated that his wife shows an inability to remain emotionally calm and is often crying when he reaches home at night with L.B, his older child. This is indicative of the fact that Teresa is having trouble coping and due to the fact that she receives absolutely no moral and psychological support from anyone, her condition is worsening with time. By talking to Teresa, I would perform a depression assessment using discourse. I would also want to see George’s two children, L.B and J.J. The couple’s daughter three year old daughter is reportedly suffering from autism. The child supposedly cannot speak even though she is 3 years old. By seeing her I would like to confirm this prognosis. I would use the Psycho-educational Profile Revised (PEP-R) assessment for this child. For Teresa, the chosen assessment tool is discourse. This is due to the fact that her symptoms are clearly indicative of the fact that she is suffering from major depression and talking things out in depth with her is going to help me get to a concrete prognosis much quicker. The reason I

Using The Communist Manifesto, explain how this argument could be true Essay

Using The Communist Manifesto, explain how this argument could be true - Essay Example It was in such a scenario that the Communist Manifesto evolved and took shape. The Communist Manifesto (1848) is one of the most read and debated piece of writing of the 20th century that portrays the struggle of the weaker classes against the backdrop of a sagging economy. Marx’ ideals are echoed in the Communist Manifesto encouraging realism to take the place of idealism preached by earlier socialists. Karl Marx greatly believed that ‘Capitalism’ in the right sense was absolutely necessary and would serve to bring about a revolutionary transformation of the world by providing a strong foundation for Communism. Marx believed that idealism that condoned various class structures was an illusion that had to be got rid of by society. Marx and Engels fully well understood that industrialization was the answer for the positive development of the country. Competition was an accepted fact among the individuals of a capitalistic society and Marx contributed towards these influential concepts that paved the way for an Industrial revolution. The chief goals that lay behind Marx’ concept of capitalism were that all citizens should enjoy equality, private production and ownership should be abolished and a changed market economy where people could get whatever they needed in exchange for their labor. Marx was of the opinion that if states and governments were done away with, then wars would come to an end. According to Marx, the world markets were a potent and important tool to remove the differences between nations and as they incorporated capitalism into their lives, they would not only improve international trade but also pave a new path where the world could be united in communism. Marx believed that that an Industrial Revolution was both necessary and inevitable if a capitalistic nation had to be achieved because without it, it was not possible. He was sure that differences between countries and nations

United States in the 1960s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

United States in the 1960s - Essay Example The Civil rights act was meant to solve discriminatory issues and practices in segregated areas of the USA. The act enabled the term extension of the Civil rights Commission (which was previously a two year fixed term), to ensure proper oversight of the registration and voting practices (DeKoven, 2004). President Dwight Eisenhower signed the act into law, and it eliminated legal loopholes found in the 1957 Civil Rights Act. Post modernism during the late 20th century entailed movements in the criticism, arts and architecture that departed from modernism. Postmodernism entails skeptical interpretations or analysis of architecture, literary criticism, culture, philosophy, history, arts, economics and fiction. Postmodernism is at times associated with several movements that acted against tendencies of modernism, and are generally marked by historical elements (Palmer, 2009). For example; Jane Jacob’s book, The Death and Life of Great American Cities published in 1961, represented a critique of urban planning. This is because the book was written within modernism, and illustrated change form modernity to postmodernism in urban planning issues. Part of the cold war phase was experienced in the 1960s in the USA; for example the duration after the Cuban Missile crisis towards the end of 1962, and the beginning of the dà ©tente duration in 1969. The USA engages in cold war with the Soviet Union in the 1960s, despite internal issues like John Kennedy’s assassination, anti-Vietnam war movements, and the civil rights movements. In 1968, Czechoslovakia started reforms; however, the reforms halted when the Soviet Union invaded the country. The cold war led to division in the third world. Governments like Libya supported the soviets; on the contrary, governments like Saudi Arabia supported the west were USA is represented (Heale, 2005). The USA economy started the 1960s with a recession. In 1961, the unemployment

Engineering Systems and Components of Centrifuge

Engineering Systems and Components of Centrifuge Description The main job of the horizontal decanter centrifuge is to separate materials of different densities. In this system, the centrifuge is required to separate the olive oil from water and any other solids such as stones. The decanter centrifuge (Figure 1) is part of the olive pressers assembly line made up of four main machines: de-leafing washing, olive crushing mill, horizontal malaxer, and the centrifuge. Figure 1 shows briefly what the assembly line consists of. The inputs into the centrifuge are olives which have undergone a number of processes through the other main machines of the olive presser assembly line. These processed olives are referred to as cake. This cake is the input of the decanter centrifuge and contains stone, water, other chemical additives, and oil. The centrifuge uses the concept of sedimentation to separate the cake into heavy liquid and light liquid, the lighter liquid being the olive oil, which is the output required from the system. Basically, due to the difference in densities the cake and oil will separate naturally given enough time (the oil floats on top of the cake). The centrifuge speeds up this process using high rotational speeds, exerting up to 4000G on the cake. This is useful since a process that would take hours to achieve could happen in a matter of seconds. The centrifuge rotates at high speeds, resulting in the separation of the contents inside the centrifuge according to their density, allowing the olive oil to be retrieved from the system [1]. ADD SCREENSHOT OF CENTRIFUGE Overview of OperationThe cake is input to the system through a small inlet tube encased in a wider shaft. This shaft has an Archimedean spiral, i.e. the scroll, welded to it. The shaft together with the scroll is called the conveyor, and it is encased in a drum. The shaft, and thus also the scroll is turned by a motor pulley system. The cake flows into the scroll area where separation of the olive oil from the cake occurs due to the high Gs generated by rotation and the angle at one end of the scroll. The olive oil and waste are output through nozzles at opposite ends of the centrifuge drum.The centrifuge is attached to the frame using a pillow block bearing. The frame supports the entirety of the system. Basic Sizing Requirements By comparing to existing centrifuges, the optimal drum diameter and rotational speed are 425 mm, and 3800 RPM respectively. A 1:4 design ratio (drum diameter compared to the drum length) is adopted, resulting in a centrifuge length of 1700 mm [2]. A beach angle of 200 is taken, as explained in Appendix 1. Specification Sheet Centrifuge Specifications Centrifuge Type Two-phase; Horizontal Maximum Overall Length 3 m Maximum Overall Width 1.5 m Maximum Overall Height 1.5 m Input Rate 450 kg/h Centrifuge RPM 3800 Centrifuge Beach Angle 200 Centrifuge drum diameter 425 mm Centrifuge diameter to length ratio 1:4 Centrifuge Length 1700 mm Centrifuge shaft outer diameter 120 mm Tree Diagram The following tree diagram is a graphical representation of the centrifuge and its sub-systems. Please turn over to find the above mentioned tree diagram. Block Diagram The following block diagram is a graphical representation of how the centrifuge works in order to extract the oil from the olives. This graphical representation will provide a better understanding of how the sub-systems interact with one another. Please turn over for the above mentioned block diagram. Brief explanation of the chosen components Drive Frame (Figure 2): A tray to which the motor is bolted down to stay in position. It is attached to the legs of the centrifuge lower casing. It determines the distance between the shaft of the motor and shaft of the centrifuge. Figure 2: Drive Frame Centrifuge Frame (Figure 3): The overall frame of the decanter, this supports the entire structure of the centrifuge. Figure 3: Centrifuge Frame Upper Casing (Figure 4): The Upper casing covers the drum of the centrifuge. It blocks contaminants from making contact with the drum and restricts the user of the machine from making contact with moving parts, providing better safety. Figure 4: Upper Casing Lower Casing (Figure 5): The lower casing acts as a collector for the products discharged from the rotating assembly and transports them to receivers for onward handling. The casing has to keep these separated entities apart. So it can be concluded that the casing as an oil collector at one end and a cake discharge collector at the conical side. Figure 5: Lower Casing Feed Tube (Figure 6): A tube that the cake is transported to the centrifuge from the malaxer. This is also the input of the centrifuge. Its inner diameter is determined by its required input flow rate. Figure 6: Feed Tube 3-phase Motor (Figure 7): The motor provides the initial torque required to rotate the belt. The motor chosen is the AEG AM 132M ZA4*[3], a 3-phase motor which provides 7.5kW of power, with the possibility of increasing the power up to 9.2kW through a small modification, making this a flexible choice. Figure 7: 3-Phase Motor Belt (Figure 8): The Flat belt connects the pulley of the 3-phase motor and the centrifuge drum together, transferring power. The chosen Flat-belt is a Polyamide A-3c belt since it provides the appropriate thickness, allowable tension, and coefficient of friction, while also being appropriate for the minimum pulley diameter. Pulley (Figure 8): The pulley is used to modify the speed of the drum and is connected to the motor. Key: A 8 x 10 mm rectangular key 70 mm long is added to the motor pulley in order to make sure that the pulley spins together with the motor shaft in such a way that there is no relative motion between the two. Figure 8: Belt and Pulley Belt Guard (Figure 9): The purpose of the belt guard is to protect the belt and pulley system from any accidents. It prevents contact of the belt with any foreign objects by stopping them from entering the belt area without removing the guard first. This may prevent injuries and breakages. The guard also keeps the belt area clean from any residual debris generated during the process. It can be easily removed for maintenance and cleaning. Figure 9: Belt Guard Figure 10: Drum shell with Archimedes screw inside Drum: The drum (Figure 10) is a cylindrical tube with flanges at both ends. At one end, the liquid discharge drum hub, this is where liquids are discharged from the centrifuge, while on the other side the cake discharge hub is connected, this is where solids are discharged from the centrifuge. The separation medium reaches its maximum speed in the decanter drum. This causes the solids to settle on the wall of the drums inner diameter. This is all a result of the high centrifugal force, which acts on the particles. One distinctive feature of the drum is its tapered shape. This tapered shape is referred to as the beach. The beach is a conical section at the end of drum. It has this conical shape to exert additional force on the solids, hence squeezing out the last drops of liquid. In this part of the process the centrifugal force push the solids uphill. This design helps to elevate the solids above the waterline in the discharge chamber. Figure 11: Bearing Setup [2] Front hub bearings: This horizontal setup (Figure 11) is supported by the use of bearings which are cased in a pillow block. Bearings are used to reduce friction and the effects brought on the component through wear and tear. This bearing used in this assembly is a roller bearing. The roller bearing is a bearing in which the main load is transferred through elements in rolling contact. Pillow Block: The fundamental application of the pillow block is to mount the bearing safely, which enables the bearings outer ring to be stationary, while the bearing inner ring to rotate. The bearing is supported in a housing and sealed with a non-contacting flinger. This non-contacting flinger is a seal, as the name implies it does not come into contact with the shaft. Its main application is to keep lubricants and grease from escaping, while at the same time it helps keep water, dust and other contaminants that could be harmful, out of the bearing assembly. It does this with the help of the centrifugal force. Rear hub Bearings: The rear hub bearing assembly is similar to that of the front hub. Its main job is to support one side of the conveyer. This bearing also resists the axial thrust of the scroll. Figure 12: Generated 3D Representation of Conveyor. Conveyer: The conveyer (Figure 12) is a central hub with a continuous helix welded to it. The conveyer is in the shape of an Archimedes screw fitting inside the drum, between the 2 end hubs. This conveyer will have a small clearance in relation to the drum. It main job is to carry solids which have settled against the walls of the drum, then pushing these solids towards the beach where they can be discharged. Its main functions are to convey the solids after they form a cake, accept the feed and accelerates it up to the drum speed. The material used is EN 1.4571 which is a form of high speed steel (HSS). The conveyer is the transport tool in a decanter centrifuge. The conveyer rotates with a different speed in relation to the drum, subsequently transporting the settled solids towards the conical shape of the drum. Also, the speed at which the conveyer rotates in relation to the drum defines how long a solid spends in the drum. The pitch of the conveyer is related to the transport pe rformance of the centrifuge [2]. This conveyor is comprised of two main sub-components; the scroll, and the shaft. The scroll is welded to the shaft, which rotates. While the two obviously need to be machined separately and welded together for economic reasons, they will be considered as a single part; the conveyor. Calculations Nomenclature Variable (Motor) Description P Power T Torque à Ã¢â‚¬ ° Angular velocity Variable (Flow) Description V Volume A Cross-Sectional Area of segment L Length of segment à Ã‚ Ã‚ ­cake Density of cake Variable (Belt) Description D Driver/Motor pulley diameter d Driven/Shaft diameter n1 RPM of shaft n ­Ã‚ ­2 RPM of motor pulley d Angle of contact for shaft D Angle of contact for motor pulley C Distance between centres t Thickness of belt b Wirth of belt l Length of belt ÃŽÂ · Specific weight of belt à Ã‚  Density of belt V Volume of belt m Mass per unit length of belt r Radius of pulley à Ã¢â‚¬ ° Rotational Velocity FC Centrifugal force on belt F1 Tension in tight side of belt F2 Tension in loose side of belt Fi Initial force required to overcome friction ÃŽÂ ¼ Coefficient of friction FR Resultant force of belt on shaft Variable (Deflection) Description E Youngs modulus of material I Moment of Inertia of shaft y Deflection in shaft Variable (Bearings) Description P1 Weight of conveyor P2 Force exerted on shaft by belt RA Reaction at bearing A RB Reaction at bearing B Variable (Shaft) Description Bending Stress Shear Stress M Maximum Bending Moment c Outer radius of shaft I Moment of Inertia of shat T Torque applied J Polar Moment of Inertia router Outer radius of shaft rinner Inner radius of shaft Calculations and Sizing Material Selection Since the machine will make contact with biological materials, certain characteristics and requirements have to be met in order to ensure that the parts making up the centrifuge will not chemically alter or affect the product in anyway. A list of materials suitable for food processing has been compiled by the FDA, based in the US. The 6th iteration of this code, released in 2013, gives specific requirements with regards to materials used in food-contact surfaces of equipment in chapter 4, subpart 4-101.11. Among these requirements are corrosion resistance and durability. Considering this, the material chosen for all the parts that will come into contact with the product; namely the centrifuge and its casing; the chosen material is EN 1.4571 Stainless Steel, which suitably fits all relevant requirements. [4] REF FDA? Calculations to find motor required Aim: To find the torque required to turn the shaft at a speed of 3800 RPM, which has been determined to be optimal for this machine (Figure 13) and thus find the power needed and an appropriate motor. Diagram: Figure 13: 3D diagram of power transmission system Due to the complex effects of fluid flow on the resistance to turning, the required torque for operation will be found by reverse engineering a similar system. HAUS Centrifuge Technologies produce a horizontal decanter centrifuge that has a maximum RPM of 5400, and utilizes a motor with a power output of 11 kW that can process up to around 1 m3/hr of material [5]. This is sufficiently similar to the system being discussed in this report and can thus be used to reverse engineer the torque requirements during steady state. Using the equation Pdrum = Tdrumà Ã¢â‚¬ °, the required torque may be found. Thus, the required power for the system will be: Since the reverse engineered system accounts for power losses due to inefficiencies and other factors, as well as the fact that that system has an overall larger processing capacity, the required power value obtained can be assumed to slightly larger than the true minimum requirement. However, this will account for any power losses during transmission as well as any potential extra power demands. Conclusions: The chosen motor is the AEG AM 132M ZA4*. This has a maximum of 1440 RPM and 9.2 kW of power, with an efficiency of 87% when operating at 100% RPM, and a weight of 56kg. This is a modification of the AM 132M ZA4 motor, which only produces 7.5 kW of power [3]. The AM 132M ZA4* is a 4-pole, 3-phase motor, single-speed drive. The motor has a single drive and is an asynchronous type motor with an Aluminium frame. It also has an IP 55 rating, making it somewhat resistant to dirt, debris, and water; a useful property for this use case, where spillages and leakages may occur. The motor manufacturer also specifies that the chosen motor has a shaft diameter of 38 mm, and a key of 10 x 8 mm should be used for any pulleys, with the keyway being 5 mm deep and 10 mm wide. The key should have a length of 70 mm [3]. Calculations for the sizing of the inlet tube Aim: To find the required dimension of the inlet tube so that an appropriate amount of material will be input at an appropriate speed. Diagram: Figure 14: Diagram of flow in inlet pipe It must first be ensured that the flow rate in the inlet tube (Figure 14) will be sufficient to allow for the design specifications. In this case, the design is specified as having an input rate of 450 kg/hr. It is assumed that the cake will have a density, à Ã‚ Ã‚ ­cake of approximately 2000 kg m-3. Thus, the appropriate inner radius may be found. Converting the input rate to m3/hr: m3/hr. This results in 6.22510-5 m3 s-1 flow rate. For a system of this kind, the flow velocity is generally in the range of 0.5 to 2 ms-1. For the sake of calculations, it will be assumed that an appropriate velocity for this specific system will be 1ms-1. Thus: Cross Sectional Pipe Area = Area = à Ã¢â€š ¬r2, therefore = 4.46 x 10-3 m. Thus, an inner radius of 5mm can be chosen. This will result in a slight decrease in flow velocity, (down to 0.8 ms-1), however this is well within the ideal range. Seeing as this pipe will undergo no torque and very little forces, a standard 2mm thickness can be taken. Power Transmission  ­The centrifuge shaft is required to be turned at a constant speed. The load is determined mainly by flow and amount of cake in the system, which are controlled through a process done by another system. Thus, the load on the system may be assumed to be largely unchanging. The torque required is also relatively low. As such, a belt and pulley system is an appropriate choice for drive transmission. This is cheaper than a gear train, and is also easier to maintain and replace if required. This also reduces the size of the entire assembly, as the motor may be placed laterally, with the shafts being parallel to each other. A flat belt is chosen over a V-belt. While the wedging action of a V-belt means that more power can be transmitted, flat belts are more efficient, having a 98% efficiency. Flat belts also generally have a longer work life. Most importantly, flat belts may be used across large centre distances, unlike V-belts. Thus, due to the nature of the setup a flat belt system is more appropriate. [6] The larger pulley must also be crowned (curved slightly) so the belt may be kept tracking centred on the pulley [7]. Flat-Belt Calculations Aim: To analyse the forces acting upon the belt, determining friction and tension due to transmitted torque, in order to find forces and stresses on the shafts. Assumption: A polyamide A-3à ¡Ã‚ ¶Ã…“ flat belt with thickness 3.3mm is used to calculate the forces present [8]. Figure 15: Diagram of belt and pulley system The outer diameter of the centrifuge shaft has been chosen to be 120 mm. To find the corresponding motor pulley diameter, D (Figure 15) required in order to spin the centrifuge at the required 3800 RPM, assuming the motor will turn at its rated speed of 1440 RPM, the following relationship is used.dn1 = Dn2 Where n ­1  ­Ã‚ ­and n2 are the RPMs of the respective shaft 0.123800 = D1440 D = 315.57 mm This will be approximated to 0.316 m (or 12.5 inches), the closest standard pulley size. For this size, the crown of the pulley should be 1 mm high [9]. Determining the angles indicated [8]: = sin-1() = 0.197à ¡Ã‚ ¶Ã…“where C = 500mm d = à Ã¢â€š ¬ 2sin-1() = 2.747à ¡Ã‚ ¶Ã…“ D = à Ã¢â€š ¬ + 2sin-1() = 3.536à ¡Ã‚ ¶Ã…“ Length of belt, L = = 1.704m Thickness and width of belt, t = 3.3mm b = 75mm (standard belt width chosen arbitrarily) specific weight of belt, ÃŽÂ · = 0.042lbf/in3 = 1162.56kg/m3 Volume of belt = t x b x l = 75 x 3.3 x 1704 = 421.74 x 103 mm3 Mass of belt = à Ã‚ V = 1162.56 x 4.2174 x 10-4m3 = 0.49kg Mass per unit length of belt, m = = 0.2877kgm-1 It can be shown that: From dS = mr2à Ã¢â‚¬ ° dÃŽÂ ¸ where dS, is the force due to centrifugal force = FC dÃŽÂ ¸ This implies FC = mr2à Ã¢â‚¬ °2 = = 163.34N The difference in tension between the 2 sides of the belt is given by: ΆF = F1 F2 = = 109.3N For initial tension Fi, Equating Fi with the force required to overcome friction Fi = T2 eÃŽÂ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ from friction equation T1 = T2 eÃŽÂ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ The negative sign indicates that this is the force that must be overcome. To find F1 and F2 , Tension in the belt where T1 is the largest tension, to be FI ÃŽÂ ¼ = 0.8 ÃŽÂ ¸D = 3.536C T2 = F2 Since, F2 = Fi + FC F2 = -F2 e0.8 x 3.356 + FC F2 = F2 e0.8 x 3.356 + 163.34 1 e0.8 x 3.356 F2 = 163.34 Therefore, F2 = ΆF = F1 F2 109.3 = F1 6.06 Therefore, F1 = 115.36N Finding the radial resultant force on the shaft, It can be assumed that the force will act approximately radially for the sake of calculations. By geometry ÃŽÂ ¸ = sin-1 = 0.197c = 11.3o Figure 16: Diagram showing forces acting on driver pulley Solving horizontally (Figure 16): (115.36 cos 11.3) + (163.34) + (6.06 cos 11.3) = 282.40N Solving vertically: (6.06 sin 11.3) (115.3 sin 11.3) = -21.42N FR = = 283.45N ÃŽÂ ± = tan-1 = 4.34o Calculating FC for the smaller pulley using the equation FC = mr2à Ã¢â‚¬ °2 => FC = = 164N Since FC for the bigger pulley = 163.3N, the resultant force FR will be approximately the same as previously found for bigger pulley. The chosen belt has an allowable tension per unit width of ~ 31 N/mm, thus the chosen belt may withstand a tension up to 2325 N. Thus, the chosen belt is appropriately sized to

Dell Ad Campaign Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Dell Ad Campaign The biggest area of expansion for Dell is the consumer market. In order to develop more sales in this market Dell needs to focus more advertising on the needs and wants of the consumer. Currently Dell promotes its direct model, which is a key factor Dell needs to create a better position for itself in the consumer market. With all of the PCs in the market being more or less equal, Dell needs to focus on what differentiates its products from the competition, namely service and support. The advertising campaign need to focus on the emotions of the PC users as oppose to merely their logical side. With a strong emotional ad campaign focusing on the anxieties and fears of the consumers when it comes to making the decision for a computer purchase Dell can reassure the consumers that we are there for them. The direct model and more importantly the virtual integration should be the focus of the campaign as oppose to a â€Å"teen-age† part-time employee at your local mall. Why would anyone want to go into a super store where the salesperson pitches everything under the sun to you before you finish telling them what it is you need. With the build-to-order direct way Dell operates â€Å"you tell us what you want, we don’t tell you what you want.† The advertisement campaign will need to be coordinated in print, television, radio and obviously the Internet. Dell can also integrate the direct mail pieces and catalogs with the new pitch to further expand its reach and frequency. Dell can also continue to work towards the small and medium businesses through this strategy using a similar â€Å"mirror† campaign in the trade publications and in trade show displays. The idea will be to have the campaign as recognizable and incorporating the â€Å"Be Direct† slogan that made Dell what it is. According to the Boston Consulting Matrix a â€Å"Star† is in a high growth market such as the PC market and the company has a high market share as in Dell’s case. With a â€Å"Star† the recommended strategy is to build. In this case the all of Dell’s products, desktops, notebooks, workstations, and servers fall into the â€Å"Star† scenario and as such Dell needs to utilize strategies that will build the market. By building the market a company can realize the maximum potential of the product line, if a â€Å"Star† is left alone its true potential may never be realized. With the PC marke... ...are being discussed and investigated. Given the failure Dell had in the retail channel these experiences could be shown to bring more customers to the direct model which would be informative for the consumer. With Dell’s â€Å"Be Direct† position already commonplace, Dell will be associated with the direct model to cut off the competitors trying to â€Å"be like Dell†. Advertising Schedule As stated in our recommendations we will be beginning an advertising campaign to increase Dell’s share of mind and share of heart in the market. The campaign will be primarily focused on the consumer and small business segments. A pulsing strategy is recommended, built around our existing sales trends. The campaign will run for nine months from April to December, with three different but related messages. Below is our corresponding sales trend that will allow us to best choose the pulsing strategy. As you can see from the trend line between April and December our peak sales times are April, July and August, and December. We will schedule our strongest reach and frequencies to correspond to these peaks. By increasing our total GRP during peak months Dell can best use its advertising resources.