Expository Essay On A Midsummer Nights Dream - 711 Words

Abby Kuhlman L.Liebl 10A Hour 4 Expository Essay 1 Nov. 2017 Crazy in Love The famous quote You can t be wise and in love at the same time, by Bob Dylan, applies to three of the main characters in William Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream: Hermia, Helena, and Lysander. Reason and love are often at odds in real life, and this romantic comedy shows how these characters struggle to balance between the two. Hermia has a crazy determination to marry Lysander. Hermia is willing to go against her father s wishes just to marry the man of her dreams, and would even go as far as giving up her life. So will I grow, so live, so die, my lord, Ere I will my virgin patent up Unto his lordship, whose unwishà ¨d yoke My soul†¦show more content†¦226-243) Helena is saying that even though the majority of the town thinks she is as beautiful as Hermia, none of that matters to her. If Demetrius does not think that Helena is beautiful, then she doesn t think that way of herself either. Helena realizes that love can make people blind, and she realizes that she is obsessing over him but still cannot help herself. Helena is in need of some more love towards herself and a little less towards Demetrius. Last but definitely not least, Lysander. Lysander is a young man who falls in love with Hermia, just like Demetrius has. The difference between Lysander and Demetrius, however, is that Hermia loves Lysander back. Therefore, hear me, Hermia. I have a widow aunt, a dowager †¦ From Athens is her house remote seven leagues, And she respects me as her only son. There, gentle Hermia, may I marry thee. And to that place the sharp Athenian law Cannot pursue us (1.1. 156-167). Here Lysander is suggesting that Hermia runs away with him to his aunt s house where they can get married. Lysander is willing to move away just to marry and be with Hermia. The two lovers plan to run away and elope so that they can be together forever, regardless of what Hermia s father and Demetrius have to say about it. In conclusion, Helena, Hermia, and Lysander all lose their minds in love. Helena obsesses over Demetrius and wishes to be the one that he loves someday. Hermia disobeys her father because her love for

Psychology Psychology And Psychology Essay - 2200 Words

1. How is psychology defined today? How did psychology start out being defined originally? Humans have always been interested in understanding their own body, especially the brain itself. Some of the first people to explore psychology were Aristotle and Socrates, (even though some of the things they thought were wrong) of course at the time they did not know what exactly they were studying. https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/introduction-to-psychology-1/introduction-to-the-field-of-psychology-22/early-roots-of-psychology-110-12647/ Psychology has been around since the 1500s but modern psychology today was not formed until the mid-1800s https://nerdfighteria.info/video/219/vo4pMVb0R6M by William Wundt who opened the first laboratory for psychology, he is often called the â€Å"father of psychology.† http://www.simplypsychology.org/wundt.html Psychology with the Greeks were mostly studying mental illnesses and feelings of humans, though some of their studies may have been wrong, they are what sparked the start of it all. In th e 1600s, one of the first notions of psychology was dualism by Renà © Descartes. He thought that the mind was more spiritual and the body more physical, though he thought the two connected by the pineal gland or more known as the third eye. He thought that humans couldn’t understand the mind because it was on a different level than this world. This notion was what started disagreement and other thoughts, such asShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Psychology And Psychology1627 Words   |  7 Pagescovers the many questions we may have about psychology. It starts with the history and how it has changed throughout the years. It covers some of the many subfields and jobs you can have as a psychologist. It also covers the four big ideas that are associated with psychology. There are many more topics and sub-topics that will be covered within this paper on chapter 1. Section 1-1 Psychological Science is born: This section shows how the heart of psychology changes over time. In 1879, at a germanRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1753 Words   |  8 Pagesbeing said, psychology is a very important branch of science that attempts to help us stay sane! Already getting started next year, I enrolled into a psychology class to get a jumpstart for when I go into college. I chose to enroll into the psychology class because the human mind is something that is very complex and diverse. By me taking this class, I am partially more ahead and more taught than that of a student who doesn’t take the class. And that way, when I get into the psychology major, I haveRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1519 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has been defined by many as the study of mental disorder or behavioral problems but discoveries and developments, points to psychology as the study of human mind and its functionality which includes the way we think, act, perceive things and be able to make decisions; all these makes man a complex being. Psychology isn’t just a phenomenon; it is a scientific study. Psychology as a science answers the question â€Å"why†, proposes a theory and sets experiment to test the hypothesis. The researchRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology889 Words   |  4 PagesOne: Psychology Defined Psychology is an exceptionally multifaceted field of study, regardless, it can be commonly defined as the study of mental processes and human behavior. The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict and control the behavior of others. Psychology incorporates an extensive range of different perspectives into its general principles as well as focuses on securing them with applied research, case studies, evaluations, etc. I first became interested in psychology whenRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1018 Words   |  5 Pagesof psychology is common to talk about the psychological schools, as these are defined as groups of psychologists who shared a theoretical view and focused psychological problems with a common orientation; these have evolved over time. Psychology was first established as a separate science of biology and philosophy, that s when the real debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began start, different psychological schools represent the major theories of psychology. TheRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology892 Words   |  4 PagesWhen you first think of the word psychology, what is the first thing that comes to your mind? Well, some people might say they don’t know or some would say it’s something that has to do with the mind and/or human behavior. Psychology which comes from the Greek term â€Å"psyche† is the study of mental processes and behavior; especially those affecting behavior in a given context. There are several schools of thought in psychology. These schools include: structuralism (Wundt), functionalism (James), gestaltRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1267 Words   |  6 PagesPaper What is psychology? What impact does psychology have on the world? What does it mean to be a psychologist? These are three important questions that will be investigated throughout this paper. Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. Psychology influences many behaviors in the world without anyone noticing. Watson is interested in behaviorism. This means he was interested in the behavior of people and how they act and react. Through his article, Psychology as the BehavioristRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology850 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology to me is meant to help people understand the complexity of other human beings. We have established the existence of many disorders which are mainly beyond the control of people because of chemical imbalances in the brain. Although with these reasons, we still have attached negative and positive connotations to many disorders. We have created this concept of psychology in order to help us try to find some sense of order in our lives. This can allow us to try rank ourselves next to anotherRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1703 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has a lot of jobs to choose from.Any job in psychology is going to be involved helping people. Trying to find out why people do the things they do and trying to predi ct the behavior of people, their emotions, and mental processes. Making sure your child or any person you care about is okay mentally, is important and is the job of people who work in a major in psychology. For this paper, the roles of a psychiatrist, a counselor, and a psychologist will be discussed. The audience will learnRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1300 Words   |  6 PagesIn Psychology There are six modern psychological perspectives. These perspectives are behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, social, cultural, and biological. Each perspective has its own unique way of explaining human behavior. I think that really explains the complex mental processes and behavior, and each prospective study should not be limited to just one. The following is my explanation of the terms and comparisons between the psychodynamic and behavioral aspects relating to the October

King Lear Bottoming Out Essay - 900 Words

Unit 3, Lesson 13: Key Question 13 Amanda Oreskovic When a person â€Å"bottoms out† they are at the lowest point in their life both mentally and physically. It is a frightening stage in life that some may come across in life as it gets to the point where existing is almost unbearable. On the upside, this downfall may benefit some. Those who can gather the strength to realize that the only way they can go after hitting bottom is up could use it as a turning point for the better. Unfortunately, there are also many people who just give up the fight against the dark place referred to as â€Å"bottom.† Bottoming out is exemplified in William Shakespeare’s tragedy King Lear and in Arthur Miller’s equally tragic Death of a Salesman. In order to†¦show more content†¦In King Lear, Goneril and Regan’s disloyalty is hurtful for Lear and it pushes him into a state of isolation where he is stripped of his authority that he had as king. It would be considered that Lear was at him lifetime low because he has socially fallen to the role of a beggar. He has no home, family or power. Lear’s madness and misery causes him to realize he has hit rock bottom. â€Å"Prithee, go in thyself. Seek thine own ease. / This tempest will not give me leave to ponder/ On things would hurt me more† (III, iv, 23-25). Lear is aware of his poor state as he refuses to take shelter from storm. The physical pains he gains from the storm relieve the misery his daughters branded on his heart. In Death of a Salesman, Willy knows he has reached rock bottom when he decides there is no reason for him to live anymore. When Biff reveals that he actually has loved Willy his entire life, Willy realizes that Biff â€Å"Loves [Willy]. Always loved [Willy]. Isn’t that a remarkable thing? Ben, [Biff] [will] worship [Willy] for it!† (Miller, 135). Willy knows deep in his heart that he has hit bottom. But he decides to kill himself not because he thinks he will be hated forever, but because he would be worshipped forever. In the end, there are benefits of reaching the bottom in your life. The only way you can go from bottom is up. Your

How Childhood Sexual Abuse Affects The Child Through...

Karajurt and Silver wrote the article, â€Å"Therapy for Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors Using Attachment and Family Systems Theory Orientations,† to show how Childhood Sexual Abuse affects the child through adulthood. Childhood sexual abuse is better known as any sexual contact that an adult does by using threats, force, deception, touching, and anything that the child does not know is wrong due to age and mental stability. Karakurt and Silver (2014), says that: research indicates that with a broad definition of sexual abuse like â€Å"any sexual involvement,† prevalence rates are as high as 50%; a narrow definition of sexual abuse like, â€Å" forced genital activity,† yields prevalence rates of about 5% (Haugaard , 2000). Although children of both†¦show more content†¦These issues cause the need for a therapist to come in and to get to know the child that has been sexually abused so that they can talk the child through their problem. Therapists comes in to help the child get to where they can overcome all the things that they are having trouble with and support them so that they can be the person they want to be. Family System Theory focuses on the child’s family and their interactions among each other so that the therapist can come in and examine the family and figure out what is going wrong. Interactions are a huge problem that families face. Sexually abused children rely on family roles, having trust and being comfortable interacting with others. Some children feel more betrayal, powerless, and stigmatization from what had happened to them as a child. Feeling betrayed and powerless is something that a child should never have to feel. Children normally feels this way because of the person that is taking care of them lied, caused harm, misunderstood them, and abused them. Social support is one thing that can really help a child that has been sexually abused. Social support can help the child’s self-esteem so that they can protect themselves from being re-victimized. When one of the family members are unable to protect the child from another person in the family from hurting t hem sexually, the child suffers from betrayal. The child

Gulf Refinery Fire Free Essays

In the early hours of August 17, 1975, a tragic disaster occurred on the Gulf Oil refinery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This horrific disaster took the lives of eight firefighters, and potentially could have taken more lives if it wasn’t for the help of many surrounding fire stations. The cause of the fire was the overfilling of Tank 231. We will write a custom essay sample on Gulf Refinery Fire or any similar topic only for you Order Now While no crude oil escaped from the tank as a result of being overfilled, large quantities of hydrocarbon vapors were trapped above the surface of the tank’s crude oil. As the quantity of crude oil increased, these hydrocarbon vapors were forced out of the tank’s vents and into the area of the No. Boiler House where the initial flash occurred. The overfilling of the tank resulted from a failure of the tanker’s personnel to properly monitor the quantity of crude oil being pumped to the tank. This whole disaster could have been avoided by just double checking the amount of crude oil in Tank 231. At 12:45 a. m. on the morning of Sunday, August 17, 1975, the tanker â€Å"M/T Afran Neptune,† tied up at a Gulf Refinery dock, began pumping reconstituted Venezuelan crude oil with additional 5 percent naphtha into Gulf Refinery Tank No. 31. Tank No. 231, built in 1929, of riveted seam construction, had a capacity of 75,000 barrels and had recently been renovated with an internal floating roof. Within the refinery, the tank was located at Avenue â€Å"Y† and 4th Street. Located just west of Tank No. 231 was Boiler House No. 4, the site of a four-alarm fire on April 22, 1967. A brick chimney arose from Boiler House No. 4 and this stack was a familiar sight to westbound motorists on the Penrose Avenue Bridge as th e word â€Å"GULF† was painted in large, white letters. Hydrocarbon vapors, emanating from Tank 231, accumulated in the area of the boiler house and were ignited by an unknown ignition source. A flame front followed the vapors back to Tank 231 causing fire at the tank’s vents and an explosion within the outer shell of the stack. These events began to unfold at 5:57 a. m. Shortly thereafter, a second explosion occurred within Tank 231. Burning petroleum spilled from the tank’s vents into a diked area surrounding the tank. Within the diked area a second tank, No. 114, just north of Tank 231, containing No. 6 grade fuel oil, also ignited as pipelines within the diked area began to fail. The initial explosion also damaged the pipe manifold outside of the dike wall and petroleum pouring out under pressure ignited. At 6:04 a. m. , upon receiving the report of fire from the Gulf Refinery, the Philadelphia Fire Department transmitted the refinery’s fire alarm box: Box 5988, Penrose and Lanier Avenues. Upon leaving their station, Engine 60 could see fire and smoke conditions at a distance, and before arriving at the refinery, Engine 60 ordered the second alarm at 6:09 a. m. First arriving companies had large clouds of heavy black smoke emanating from Tank No. 31, fire on top of Tank No. 114, and fire showing from the 150-foot stack at Boiler House No. 4. The third and fourth alarms were ordered in quick succession by Battalion Chief 1, Arthur Foley, at 6:11 a. m. and 6:14 a. m. Acting Assistant Fire Chief Dalmon Edmunds ordered the fifth alarm at 6:34 a. m. The sixth alarm was ordered by Fire Commissioner Joseph Rizzo at 6:52 a. m. Over the next several hours, fire fighters utilized deluge guns and master streams to cool down surrounding exposures, and applied foam directly to the burning tanks and piping in an effort to extinguish the fire. By 8:44 a. m. it appeared that the fire was well contained and the situation sufficiently stabilized to declare the fire under control. As the firefighting operation progressed, it became apparent that the refinery’s sewerage system was not up to the task of properly draining the foam, water and petroleum-naphtha product mixture that was accumulating on the ground along Avenue â€Å"Y,† between 4th Street and 5th Street to the east, running in front of the refinery’s administration building. These drainage problems were further exacerbated by a decision by refinery personnel to shutoff drainage pumps. Three members were attending to the apparatus and wading in the foam-water-petroleum mixture which was accumulating on the ground. Commissioner Rizzo and Gulf Refinery manager Jack Burk were on an overhead catwalk nearby observing the fire fighting operation. Without warning the accumulating liquid surrounding Engine 133 ignited, immediately trapping the three firefighters working at Engine 133. Instinctively and without hesitation other nearby firefighters dove into the burning liquid to rescue their comrades, not aware of the danger to themselves. Five more firefighters would be consumed by the advancing fire. The flames just engulfed them,† said Commissioner Joseph Rizzo, describing how he escaped the first of dozens of explosions but looked back to see three of his men sealed in flames. â€Å"They were trying to get under the foam, but to no avail,† he said. â€Å"They were human torches. † The fire quickly spread eastward along Avenue â€Å"Y† towards 5th Street. Viewing the unfolding horror before him, Commissioner Rizzo ordered two more alarms, five additional rescue squads, and the recall of all companies which had previously been released from the fire grounds throughout the day. On these orders the fire alarm room transmitted the seventh and eighth alarms. As the fire had been placed under control nearly eight hours earlier, firefighters in stations across the city knew that the unthinkable had occurred as these additional alarms were struck. At 4:46 p. m. Commissioner Rizzo ordered the ninth alarm and notification of Philadelphia Managing Director Hillel Levinson as a major disaster was now unfolding at the Gulf Refinery. As the fire swept rapidly eastward along 5th Street, Philadelphia’s foam pumpers, Engines 160 and 133, and the Gulf Refinery foam pumper, were rapidly destroyed in the fire’s advance. At 5th Street, where Engines 16 and 40 had been assigned to improve drainage, their pieces were also destroyed in the fire’s path, although their pump operators were able to escape. Upon reaching 5th Street, the fire traveled two city blocks north along 5th Street, now threatening four additional storage tanks and the 125-foot Penrose Avenue Bridge. At 5:37 p. m. , Commissioner Rizzo ordered the tenth alarm as the fire was now traveling southward and engulfing the refinery’s administration building, which was located on the south side of Avenue â€Å"Y† between 4th and 5th Streets. The tenth alarm companies were ordered to report to Gate 24 at Penrose and Lanier Avenues, to set up deluge guns and leave the area. As the situation continued to deteriorate at the Gulf Refinery, Commissioner Rizzo ordered the 11th alarm. By seven o’clock, the involved tanks and pipelines were gushing flames and nearby streets in the complex were burning streams of oil and other petroleum products. The courageous men of the Philadelphia Fire Department kept with the fire, retaking 5th Street, 4th Street, and finally Avenue â€Å"Y. † At 1:00 a. m. Commissioner Rizzo left the fire grounds to visit the injured firefighters in the hospital. Rizzo then gave command to Deputy Fire Commissioner Harry T. Kite who placed the fire under control at 5:38 a. m. on Monday, August 18, 1975. The tragedy that occurred on the hot august day in 1975 could have been avoided all together if the refinery personnel in charge of Tank 231 simply monitored the amount of crude oil being pumped into the tank. Mistakes do happen, but unfortunately this mistake took the lives of eight firefighters. As of now we can only take th is disaster into consideration and make sure this doesn’t ever happen again in the future. In remembrance of the firefighters who perished in the blaze: John Andrews, 49, Engine 49. How to cite Gulf Refinery Fire, Papers

Gulf Refinery Fire Free Essays

In the early hours of August 17, 1975, a tragic disaster occurred on the Gulf Oil refinery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This horrific disaster took the lives of eight firefighters, and potentially could have taken more lives if it wasn’t for the help of many surrounding fire stations. The cause of the fire was the overfilling of Tank 231. We will write a custom essay sample on Gulf Refinery Fire or any similar topic only for you Order Now While no crude oil escaped from the tank as a result of being overfilled, large quantities of hydrocarbon vapors were trapped above the surface of the tank’s crude oil. As the quantity of crude oil increased, these hydrocarbon vapors were forced out of the tank’s vents and into the area of the No. Boiler House where the initial flash occurred. The overfilling of the tank resulted from a failure of the tanker’s personnel to properly monitor the quantity of crude oil being pumped to the tank. This whole disaster could have been avoided by just double checking the amount of crude oil in Tank 231. At 12:45 a. m. on the morning of Sunday, August 17, 1975, the tanker â€Å"M/T Afran Neptune,† tied up at a Gulf Refinery dock, began pumping reconstituted Venezuelan crude oil with additional 5 percent naphtha into Gulf Refinery Tank No. 31. Tank No. 231, built in 1929, of riveted seam construction, had a capacity of 75,000 barrels and had recently been renovated with an internal floating roof. Within the refinery, the tank was located at Avenue â€Å"Y† and 4th Street. Located just west of Tank No. 231 was Boiler House No. 4, the site of a four-alarm fire on April 22, 1967. A brick chimney arose from Boiler House No. 4 and this stack was a familiar sight to westbound motorists on the Penrose Avenue Bridge as th e word â€Å"GULF† was painted in large, white letters. Hydrocarbon vapors, emanating from Tank 231, accumulated in the area of the boiler house and were ignited by an unknown ignition source. A flame front followed the vapors back to Tank 231 causing fire at the tank’s vents and an explosion within the outer shell of the stack. These events began to unfold at 5:57 a. m. Shortly thereafter, a second explosion occurred within Tank 231. Burning petroleum spilled from the tank’s vents into a diked area surrounding the tank. Within the diked area a second tank, No. 114, just north of Tank 231, containing No. 6 grade fuel oil, also ignited as pipelines within the diked area began to fail. The initial explosion also damaged the pipe manifold outside of the dike wall and petroleum pouring out under pressure ignited. At 6:04 a. m. , upon receiving the report of fire from the Gulf Refinery, the Philadelphia Fire Department transmitted the refinery’s fire alarm box: Box 5988, Penrose and Lanier Avenues. Upon leaving their station, Engine 60 could see fire and smoke conditions at a distance, and before arriving at the refinery, Engine 60 ordered the second alarm at 6:09 a. m. First arriving companies had large clouds of heavy black smoke emanating from Tank No. 31, fire on top of Tank No. 114, and fire showing from the 150-foot stack at Boiler House No. 4. The third and fourth alarms were ordered in quick succession by Battalion Chief 1, Arthur Foley, at 6:11 a. m. and 6:14 a. m. Acting Assistant Fire Chief Dalmon Edmunds ordered the fifth alarm at 6:34 a. m. The sixth alarm was ordered by Fire Commissioner Joseph Rizzo at 6:52 a. m. Over the next several hours, fire fighters utilized deluge guns and master streams to cool down surrounding exposures, and applied foam directly to the burning tanks and piping in an effort to extinguish the fire. By 8:44 a. m. it appeared that the fire was well contained and the situation sufficiently stabilized to declare the fire under control. As the firefighting operation progressed, it became apparent that the refinery’s sewerage system was not up to the task of properly draining the foam, water and petroleum-naphtha product mixture that was accumulating on the ground along Avenue â€Å"Y,† between 4th Street and 5th Street to the east, running in front of the refinery’s administration building. These drainage problems were further exacerbated by a decision by refinery personnel to shutoff drainage pumps. Three members were attending to the apparatus and wading in the foam-water-petroleum mixture which was accumulating on the ground. Commissioner Rizzo and Gulf Refinery manager Jack Burk were on an overhead catwalk nearby observing the fire fighting operation. Without warning the accumulating liquid surrounding Engine 133 ignited, immediately trapping the three firefighters working at Engine 133. Instinctively and without hesitation other nearby firefighters dove into the burning liquid to rescue their comrades, not aware of the danger to themselves. Five more firefighters would be consumed by the advancing fire. The flames just engulfed them,† said Commissioner Joseph Rizzo, describing how he escaped the first of dozens of explosions but looked back to see three of his men sealed in flames. â€Å"They were trying to get under the foam, but to no avail,† he said. â€Å"They were human torches. † The fire quickly spread eastward along Avenue â€Å"Y† towards 5th Street. Viewing the unfolding horror before him, Commissioner Rizzo ordered two more alarms, five additional rescue squads, and the recall of all companies which had previously been released from the fire grounds throughout the day. On these orders the fire alarm room transmitted the seventh and eighth alarms. As the fire had been placed under control nearly eight hours earlier, firefighters in stations across the city knew that the unthinkable had occurred as these additional alarms were struck. At 4:46 p. m. Commissioner Rizzo ordered the ninth alarm and notification of Philadelphia Managing Director Hillel Levinson as a major disaster was now unfolding at the Gulf Refinery. As the fire swept rapidly eastward along 5th Street, Philadelphia’s foam pumpers, Engines 160 and 133, and the Gulf Refinery foam pumper, were rapidly destroyed in the fire’s advance. At 5th Street, where Engines 16 and 40 had been assigned to improve drainage, their pieces were also destroyed in the fire’s path, although their pump operators were able to escape. Upon reaching 5th Street, the fire traveled two city blocks north along 5th Street, now threatening four additional storage tanks and the 125-foot Penrose Avenue Bridge. At 5:37 p. m. , Commissioner Rizzo ordered the tenth alarm as the fire was now traveling southward and engulfing the refinery’s administration building, which was located on the south side of Avenue â€Å"Y† between 4th and 5th Streets. The tenth alarm companies were ordered to report to Gate 24 at Penrose and Lanier Avenues, to set up deluge guns and leave the area. As the situation continued to deteriorate at the Gulf Refinery, Commissioner Rizzo ordered the 11th alarm. By seven o’clock, the involved tanks and pipelines were gushing flames and nearby streets in the complex were burning streams of oil and other petroleum products. The courageous men of the Philadelphia Fire Department kept with the fire, retaking 5th Street, 4th Street, and finally Avenue â€Å"Y. † At 1:00 a. m. Commissioner Rizzo left the fire grounds to visit the injured firefighters in the hospital. Rizzo then gave command to Deputy Fire Commissioner Harry T. Kite who placed the fire under control at 5:38 a. m. on Monday, August 18, 1975. The tragedy that occurred on the hot august day in 1975 could have been avoided all together if the refinery personnel in charge of Tank 231 simply monitored the amount of crude oil being pumped into the tank. Mistakes do happen, but unfortunately this mistake took the lives of eight firefighters. As of now we can only take th is disaster into consideration and make sure this doesn’t ever happen again in the future. In remembrance of the firefighters who perished in the blaze: John Andrews, 49, Engine 49. How to cite Gulf Refinery Fire, Papers

Challenges that put a Threat on the Survival of Big Oil

Question: Discuss the challenges that put a threat on the survival of Big Oil? Answer: Introduction: In this context, the author highlights the biggest challenges that put the Big Oil a threat to survive in the market. Big oil, the name is used to describe the seven or eight major oil companies of the world. The companies are often known as supermajors. The companies are BP plc, Royal Dutch Shell Plc, Total SA, ExxonMobil Corporation, Chevron Corporation, and Eni. The management of these companies focuses on mainly the sectors where it faces risk to be successful. Political issues can affect the oil company in a regulatory way, geological risks primarily due to less extraction, price risk, supply and demand risk, and cost risks. Due to the global economic stagnation, the "Big Oil" companies are facing a problem of their survival. In recent years, the demand of the major international and national oil companies has declined. In November 2014, Organization of the Petroleum exchange companies (OPEC) take an unprecedented decision to maintain production level to regain the lost market p rice (Kazmi 2014). The explosion of shale oil and gas production in the USA led to prices falling by over 50%. Furthermore, the UN Convention on Climate Change in Paris takes some serious decision to limit the global warming and climate change by lowering the carbon emission. These decisions put a limit to the use of fossil fuel and also to the fossil fuel company. Discussion: The decision made by OPEC and UN convention put the oil companies in a challenge to improve their lost market share. One major issue associated with the dividends, which the company has to provide from the profit. The Big Oil is facing problem due to the downfall in the global market (Mirchi et al. 2012). Another problem is due to the climate change issues that create pressure on the Big Oil to abandon their production maximizing policy. The oil and gas management companies need to focus on lowering the carbon emission in the environment. The central area where the "Big oils" are facing the challenge are Cash crunch of sub-$50/bbl oil on projects and dividends: The most major oil companies are facing difficulties in generating enough cash to cover their spending and dividends. Expenditure on new projects and dividends to the shareholders outstripped the cash flow more than $20 billion combining the four supermajor companies- Royal Dutch Shell PLC, BP PLC, Chevron Corp., and Exxon Mobil Corp by the first half of 2015. It is expected from the company that they will reveal the shortfalls in the weekly earnings report. The oil prices fell to the lowest level since the financial crisis and marked down from $100 to $50 per barrel in the third quarter in 2014 (Mu and Ye 2015). Top oil companies are facing uncertain future and the supermajor companies have cut down their expenditure and delaying their projects. Cost cutting often threatens the ability to maintain the production of the company. The success of the companies depends on the ability to manage the cost in a proper way. However, the strategy of driving down the cost prevented the investors from revolting. The companies are already running some long-term projects which cannot put on hold. So considering the circumstances it is evident that the oil companies will need years to bring back their spending under control (Fiorito and van den Bergh 2016). As stated by Mu and Ye (2015), the integrated oil companies explore the crude and refine the oil for the consumers. Studies have shown that the oil companies have to face a cash flow crisis of $80 billion in 2015 and a crisis of $55 billion in 2016. However, the policies taken by the companies for the cash flow problem to maintain proper balance sheets somehow saving the current market status. Chevron Corp. declared that the company will be able to clear its dividends and expenditure by 2017. In the case of Shell, the company will also be able to do the same keeping the price same at $50 a barrel. However, the Exxon is the only company which has reported that their spending peaked up in 2013, and the cash flow doubled in 2014. Exxon has maintained a stable cash dividend payment. Apart from the supermajor, some other national oil companies have promised that they can sustain spending through current status of the market. The Irving, a Texas-based oil company, has committed to increasing production despite the spending. The policy of cut to the spending on new projects may lead to lower production but in turn, it can lift the prices in future. It had been reported that the supermajor oil companies were unwinding their spending practices before the oil price crashed as the companies earned an enormous amount of cash when the oil price was high. Furthermore, considering the other megaprojects, Exxon, BP and Chevron have suspended their big drilling projects, and Shell has canceled a $7 billion exploration program (Geman 2014). Whether to abandon production-maximizing policies: The explosion of shale oil is the main reason for the price drop of oil prices. Due to global economic stagnation and rise of the value of the dollar; the demand for oil has decreased. However, the UN Convention on Climate Change causes in abandoning the production-maximizing business policies of Big Oil companies. It is evident from the business model that the companies should produce a high amount of oil to meet the demand of the petroleum products. This policy also reflects that if no fossil fuel is there then there will be no source of supply. Thus, the oil companies have to drill, no matter how difficult it is to get the crude. The production maximizing policies result in generating excellent growth of oil companies. Exxon has managed $32.6 billion, and Chevron earned $21.4 billion in 2013 (Geman 2014). According to Fhn et al. (2014), the concern for climate changes issue threatening the future of Big Oil. The issue changed the scenario of production maximizing policy along with the stagnancy in demand. So the companies have to look for the new strategy. They have to focus beyond the easy fossil fuel availability and have to find out a new source of extraction. There is no choice left to the Big Oil due to climate change convention. They have to invest in the new strategies. Otherwise, they will lose the ground of other sources. It is true that the cost of extraction from new sources is much higher, but the companies have to consider the world's environmental issues. Exxon started its operations in the Arctic Region, and Chevron and Shell focused on the Gulf of Mexico to extract unconventional oil (Geman 2014). The climate change issue raises some questions about the relationship between the company and its social approach. The production maximizing policy relies on three fundamental strategies- over the year the demand would rise, the increase in the demand would result in higher prices that would justify the expense of investment and the climate concern issue would not play insignificant. But none of the strategic assumptions holds today. The demand for the product rises but not at the expected pace and studies have shown that demand will decline. Thus, the oil companies face problem to recover their invested money. It has found that the oil price will continue with $55 per barrel and will not reach $73 until 2020 (Moffett and Inkpen 2011;2012). The climate change issue has become a major concern and oil companies cannot deny the threatened consequences. In spite of the considerable expenditure by the Big Oil to raise doubt on climate change issues, people become more concern about the climate change effects such as extreme weather phenomenon, rising of the sea level, and drought, etc (Du and Vieira 2012). The need of alternative energy is rising, and the Big Oil has to admit that the production maximizing concept has some backlogs regarding the current issues. The oil companies must find some alternative methods to scale back their operation. Otherwise, they will face a challenge from other aggressive firms (Atabani et al. 2012) Planning by oil companies for a low-carbon global world: The oil and gas companies are facing challenges to meet the energy demand and improving the energy access considering the environmental issue and climate change threats. The UN Convention on Climate Change in Paris has addressed most of the government to limit the climate change parameters and work on the global warming issues to control the carbon emission. The convention also put a suggestion to limit the use of fossil fuel, but it has estimated that fossil fuel will account for 50% of energy demand in 2040. The investment in alternative energy sources needs to increase ((Sandstrm et al. 2014). The issue of carbon emission in the environment can be limited by increasing the share of natural gas in coal mix. The burning of natural gas emits almost half of the carbon compare to coal. But there are several doubts on the contribution of natural gas to meet the climate change threats (Varkey Theeyattuparampil et al. 2013). Global warming is mainly associated with carbon dioxide and methane. So a focus is needed for the control of methane emission also. The oil and gas industries need to focus on the climate risk along with their technological, commercial and financial risk. This will help the companies to become more innovative in their climate approach (Sheridan 2013). The oil and gas companies have the opportunity to work on the aspects of renewal energy. Statoil, an oil and natural gas company, began investing in alternative energy such as utilizing the wind power at sea. The company also has the lowest emission of methane. The company also suggests that Big Oil needs to work on the performance of renewal energy performance and integrating useful technology in the core operations. The Big Oil, who is the major emitters of carbon, needs to take the responsibilities by introducing a carbon price. The companies need to adopt the technologies which are effective for low carbon emission (Mauter et al. 2013). As stated by De Coninck and Benson (2014), many oil and gas companies are investing in carbon capture and storage (CCS). A theoretical approach has suggests that the investment can reduce up to 70-90% of the CO2 emission into the atmosphere. The key point of the method is to eliminate total carbon dioxide from the fossil fuel so that it can be used for the long run. But a major drawback of CSS technique is it requires a high amount of energy, and it is very expensive (Melzer 2012). So the oil companies have to do significant research and improve the technology. Despite the investment by the Big Oil for renewable energy the progress in not satisfactory. But the investment shows some positive result as Shell designed to capture a vast amount of carbon dioxide each year. Furthermore, it is important for the oil and gas companies as well as for the government to work on the common path of carbon emission issue with the help of better technology and efficient regulatory work (Harrison and Falcone 2014). Conclusion: In the above discussion, the author has highlighted the cause of survival challenge facing by Big Oil. The stagnation of the global economy is the main reason for the decrease in the demand for petroleum products. Big Oil is struggling to meet the dividends and facing problem in running long-term projects due to the cash crunch. One solution to the problem is suspending the new projects till the market stability restore. The suspension of the projects may lower the production of the company but in a long run, the price of the product can rise. The climate change issues put a limitation on the use of fossil fuel use which put a knell to the use of fossil fuel by oil and gas companies. The Big Oil usually extracts the crude from the easily available fossil sources. But the fossil quantity is limited. So the maximize production policy of the Big Oil is limiting the amount of fossil. The Big Oil need to concern about the climate change consequences and need to apply some alternative stra tegies that will felicitate environment. Furthermore, the oil and gas companies should be aware of the global warming and limit the carbon emission. Limiting the carbon emission can affect the productivity of the company. The management needs to invest in the research of the alternative technologies which can reduce the carbon emission by capture and storage method. Obviously, the investment in the new technologies will increase the cost of production, but the Big Oil need to concern about the environment. References: Atabani, A.E., Silitonga, A.S., Badruddin, I.A., Mahlia, T.M.I., Masjuki, H.H. and Mekhilef, S., 2012. A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics.Renewable and sustainable energy reviews,16(4), pp.2070-2093. De Coninck, H. and Benson, S.M., 2014. Carbon dioxide capture and storage: issues and prospects.Annual Review of Environment and Resources,39, pp.243-270. Du, S. and Vieira Jr, E.T., 2012. Striving for legitimacy through corporate social responsibility: Insights from oil companies.Journal of Business Ethics,110(4), pp.413-427. Fhn, T., Hagem, C., Lindholt, L., Maeland, S. and Rosendahl, K.E., 2014. Climate policies in a fossil fuel producing country-demand versus supply side policies. Fiorito, G. van den Bergh, Jeroen C. J. M 2016;2015;, "Capital-energy substitution in manufacturing for seven OECD countries: learning about potential effects of climate policy and peak oil",Energy Efficiency,vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 49-65. Geman, B. 2014, "Inside Big Oil's Fight Over Arctic Drilling Rules",National Journal Daily Harrison, B. Falcone, G. 2014, "Carbon capture and sequestration versus carbon capture utilisation and storage for enhanced oil recovery",Acta Geotechnica,vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 29-38 Kazmi, S.H. 2014,GLOBAL OIL PRICE PLUNGING BELOW US$60 A BARREL, Asianet-Pakistan, Karachi. Mauter, M.S., Palmer, V.R., Tang, Y.I.Q.I.A.O. and Behrer, A.P., 2013. The next frontier in United States shale gas and tight oil extraction: strategic reduction of environmental impacts.Energy Technology Innovation Policy (ETIP) Research Group: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs,4. Melzer, L.S., 2012. Carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery (CO2 EOR): Factors involved in adding carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) to enhanced oil recovery.Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. Mirchi, A., Hadian, S., Madani, K., Rouhani, O.M. and Rouhani, A.M., 2012. World energy balance outlook and OPEC production capacity: implications for global oil security.Energies,5(8), pp.2626-2651. Moffett, M.H. Inkpen, A.C. 2011;2012;,Global Oil and Gas Industry: Management, Strategy, and Finance,PennWell Corporation Mu, X. Ye, H. 2015, "Small trends and big cycles in crude oil prices",The Energy Journal,vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 1. Sandstrm, V., Tuomisto, J.T., Majaniemi, S., Rintala, T. Pohjola, M.V. 2014, "Evaluating effectiveness of open assessments on alternative biofuel sources",Sustainability : Science, Practice, Policy,vol. 10, no. Sheridan, C. 2013, "Big oil turns on biofuels",Nature biotechnology,vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 870 Varkey Theeyattuparampil, V., Adnan Zarzour, O., Koukouzas, N., Vidican, G., Al-Saleh, Y. Katsimpardi, I. 2013, "Carbon capture and storage",International Journal of Energy Sector Management,vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 223-242.